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Power

Power & grid demand

The grid is the binding constraint on AI infrastructure. Live U.S. electricity demand, generation mix, and intraday load — refreshed hourly from the EIA and CAISO.

427.2 GW
U.S. demand now
7
ISO/RTO markets tracked
71%
of U.S. load covered
41.4%
Natural Gas — top source now

U.S. Grid Demand

Hourly live
427.2 GW · U.S. now · 12:00
PJM89.3 GW
MISO72.8 GW
ERCOT54.9 GW
SPP34.2 GW
CAISO24.2 GW
NYISO16 GW
ISO-NE11.5 GW
7 ISO markets ≈ 71% of U.S. loadPower

Power Source Breakdown

U.S. generation mix live
514 GW
US now
Natural Gas 41.4% Nuclear 17.8% Coal 16.1% Solar 9.6% Wind 6.4% Hydro 6.3% Other 2.3%
Full energy mix

Grid load hotspots live

Click a region →
High Elevated Moderate Low

PJM — demand & power mix

89.3 GW · 21% of U.S.
Natural Gas 43% Nuclear 33% Coal 15.1% Hydro 3.3% Wind 3% Other 2.5% Solar 0.1%

Hourly demand & generation mix · U.S. EIA, refreshed hourly

Pro

Power demand history, trends & export

Multi-year demand and generation history by ISO, peak/off-peak analysis, and downloadable datasets for modeling.

  • 10-year ISO demand history
  • Generation-mix trends
  • CSV / Excel export
  • API access
Upgrade to unlock

Included with a paid plan — built for analyst, investor & institutional users.

AI supercomputers & GPU clusters Epoch AI

ClusterOwnerChipH100-equivPowerCountry
xAI Colossus Memphis Phase 3xAINVIDIA H100 SXM5 80GB275,796352 MWUnited States of America
xAI Colossus Memphis Phase 2xAINVIDIA H100 SXM5 80GB200,000280 MWUnited States of America
xAI Colossus Memphis Phase 1xAINVIDIA H100 SXM5 80GB100,000150 MWUnited States of America
Meta 100kMeta AINVIDIA H100 SXM5 80GB100,000143 MWUnited States of America
OpenAI/Microsoft Goodyear ArizonaMicrosoft,OpenAINVIDIA H100 SXM5 80GB100,000143 MWUnited States of America
Oracle OCI Supercluster H200sOracleNVIDIA H200 SXM65,53694 MWUnited States of America
Tesla Cortex Phase 1TeslaNVIDIA H100 SXM5 80GB50,00071 MWUnited States of America
Lawrence Livermore NL El Capitan Phase 2US Department of EnergyAMD Instinct MI300A44,14335 MWUnited States of America
CoreWeave H200sCoreWeaveNVIDIA H200 SXM42,00060 MWUnited States of America
Meta GenAI 2024bMeta AINVIDIA H100 SXM5 80GB24,57635 MWUnited States of America
Meta GenAI 2024aMeta AINVIDIA H100 SXM5 80GB24,57635 MWUnited States of America
"Jupiter, Jülich"EuroHPC JU,Julich Supercomputing CenterNVIDIA GH20023,53618 MWGermany
Oracle OCI MI300xOracleAMD Instinct MI300X21,64925 MWUnited States of America
NexGen Cloud Hyperstack AQ Compute SupercomputerNexGen CloudNVIDIA H100 SXM5 80GB16,38423 MWNorway
Oracle OCI Supercluster H100sOracleNVIDIA H100 SXM5 80GB16,38423 MWUnited States of America
Microsoft Azure EagleMicrosoftNVIDIA H100 SXM5 80GB14,40021 MWUnited States of America
NVIDIA CoreWeave Eos-DFW Phase 1NVIDIA,CoreWeaveNVIDIA H100 SXM5 80GB10,75216 MWUnited States of America
Alps Supercomputer Phase 2ETH DomainNVIDIA GH20010,75212 MWSwitzerland
Oracle OCI Supercluster A100sOracleNVIDIA A10010,33227 MWUnited States of America
Imbue 10k ClusterImbueNVIDIA H100 SXM5 80GB10,00015 MWUnited States of America
Tesla 10k H100 ClusterTeslaNVIDIA H100 SXM5 80GB10,00015 MWUnited States of America
Anonymized Chinese System——10,000—China
Anonymized Chinese System——10,000—China
Sesterce NordicsSesterceNVIDIA H100 SXM5 80GB8,19212 MW
Nebius 8k Finland Phase 1Nebius AINVIDIA H100 SXM5 80GB8,00011 MWFinland

Top 25 of 482 clusters by compute · source: Epoch AI, “Data on AI Supercomputers” (CC BY 4.0)

Frontier training compute Epoch AI

Largest reported training run by year (log₁₀ FLOP) — the demand signal behind the buildout. 3,545 models tracked.

20171e20.9
20181e21.9
20191e23
20201e23.5
20211e24.3
20221e24.4
20231e25.7
20241e25.6
20251e26.7
20261e25.6

Largest training runs on record

ModelOrgCompute (FLOP)
Grok 4xAI1e26.7
GPT-4.5OpenAI1e26.6
Grok 3xAI1e26.5
GPT-5OpenAI1e25.8
Llama 4 Behemoth (preview)Meta AI1e25.7
Gemini 1.0 UltraGoogle DeepMind1e25.7
Llama Nemotron Ultra 253BNVIDIA1e25.6
Composer 2.5Cursor1e25.6

Source: Epoch AI, “Data on Notable AI Models” (CC BY 4.0)

About U.S. data-center power demand & the grid

Electricity is the defining constraint on the AI data-center buildout. U.S. grid demand is currently around 427.2 GW, tracked across 7 ISO/RTO markets (PJM, MISO, ERCOT, CAISO, SPP, NYISO, ISO-NE) that together cover roughly 71% of national load. The leading generation sources right now are Natural Gas (41.4%), Nuclear (17.8%), Coal (16.1%), and the California ISO daily peak is about 33.4 GW.

Figures are sourced from the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) and CAISO and refresh hourly — not hardcoded. See how data centers intersect with grid constraints in our policy tracker and on the U.S. facility map, and read our methodology for sourcing.